1669 – The Eruption That Created a City’s Icon
Mount Etna Devastates Catania, Sicily
On May 31, 1669, Mount Etna unleashed one of its most destructive eruptions in recorded history, burying much of Catania under lava. The eruption began in March, but by May 31, molten rock had reached and destroyed large swaths of the city’s infrastructure, including parts of its fortified walls. While thousands fled, many perished or were left homeless, and the city’s geography was permanently altered.
Why It Matters:
This disaster pushed city planners to rethink urban fortification and architecture in volcanic zones. The modern city of Catania was rebuilt over the ruins, and many of its 18th-century structures still reflect the resilience born of that catastrophe. Etna remains one of the world’s most active volcanoes.
Interesting Fact:
The lava flow redirected Catania’s harbor, dramatically shifting trade routes and the city’s economic destiny.
1859 – A Clock for the Ages
Big Ben Rings for the First Time in London
On May 31, 1859, the Great Bell of the clock at the Palace of Westminster—popularly known as Big Ben—rang out across London for the first time. Though technically the bell itself is Big Ben, the name has come to refer to the entire clock tower, now known as the Elizabeth Tower.
Why It Matters:
Big Ben became an enduring symbol of British identity, especially during WWII when its chimes continued through the Blitz. It represents steadfastness, tradition, and the continuity of democratic governance in Britain.
Interesting Fact:
The first bell cracked shortly after installation. The current bell also cracked, but instead of recasting it, engineers rotated it slightly and used a lighter hammer.
1889 – Engineering Meets Catastrophe
The Johnstown Flood Kills Over 2,200 in Pennsylvania
On May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam collapsed after days of heavy rainfall, sending 20 million tons of water rushing into Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The wall of water traveled 14 miles at 40 mph, wiping out everything in its path. More than 2,200 people were killed, making it one of the deadliest disasters in U.S. history.
Why It Matters:
The disaster spurred new discourse on corporate accountability—since the dam was maintained by a private club for Pittsburgh’s elite—and laid groundwork for modern disaster relief efforts, including the rise of the American Red Cross under Clara Barton.
Interesting Fact:
Survivors reported seeing a massive wave pushing railroad cars, houses, and even locomotives downstream like toys.
1911 – Automotive History Hits the Track
First Indianapolis 500 is Held
The inaugural Indianapolis 500 was run on May 31, 1911, at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indiana. Ray Harroun, driving a Marmon “Wasp,” won the grueling 500-mile race in just under 7 hours, averaging 74.59 mph. Harroun innovated the use of a rearview mirror, eliminating the need for a co-driver.
Why It Matters:
This event laid the foundation for modern auto racing and became an iconic American tradition. The Indy 500 helped push advancements in automotive safety, engineering, and endurance.
Interesting Fact:
Harroun’s homemade rearview mirror, a novelty at the time, is now standard in all vehicles worldwide.
1961 – A Global Push for Peace
South Africa Leaves the British Commonwealth
On May 31, 1961, South Africa officially became a republic and left the British Commonwealth following its adoption of apartheid policies. The move marked the start of increasing global isolation, leading to decades of international sanctions and internal unrest.
Why It Matters:
This turning point intensified the global anti-apartheid movement. South Africa’s departure from the Commonwealth spotlighted the brutal racial segregation system and forced the world to reckon with institutional racism on an international scale.
Interesting Fact:
Nelson Mandela would be imprisoned just two years later, in 1963. He would eventually become the symbol of a free, post-apartheid South Africa—rejoining the Commonwealth in 1994.
